Thursday, 17 October 2013

Macbeth- Act 3 Reading Journal

Act 3, Scene 1
- Act 3 opens with Banquo who immediately mentions the 'weird women' and he fears that 'thou playedst most foully for't' demonstrating that he suspects Macbeth.However he doesn't seem to believe himself to be in danger even though it is clear he is a threat to Macbeth's ambitions. Macbeth has been made King and him and Lady Macbeth are going to have a 'great feast' that evening and Macbeth says 'I'll request your presence' which is strange because it seems as though he is specifically asking him to come.

- Macbeth is then left alone and he speaks a soliloquy  saying 'There is none but he (Banquo) whose being I do fear.' This implies that Macbeth is feeling threatened by Banquo, perhaps because of the prophecy saying that it is his sons that will become King. This then ties in with the idea that Macbeth has requested him at the feast. Macbeth has already killed people because he felt threatened so he might have something planned for him that night. 

-The murders then enter, Macbeth tells them that they share the same enemy in Banquo. He says 'Both of you know Banquo was your enemy... So he is mine' (Act 3, Scene 1, Line 112-115). He also says that he wants his son, Fleance, killed along with him. This bring in the theme of morality because Macbeth doesn't seem to have a problem with killing a child. He just wants him out of the way so that he can have and keep the crown. 

-In scene 2, Lady Macbeth speaks in rhyme, this is similar language to the witches. As soon as Macbeth enters the scene, she goes back to speaking normally, perhaps she doesn't wish for him to know what she is doing. Lady Macbeth also asks a lot more questions such as 'what's to be done?' (Act 3, Scene 2, Line 45). This suggests that she may be less sure of herself and has to turn to Macbeth for the plan. This shows a power shift between the characters as in the Kings death, she was the one that told Macbeth what to do. Instead of the idea that Lady Macbeth was manipulating him to do it, he is manipulating her to do it instead.

-Macbeth uses violent imagery such as 'thy bloody and invisible hand' (Act 3, Scene 2, Line 48). There is a link between this imagery and the first time that we hear of Macbeth, when the Captain says 'he unseamed him from the nave to the chops' (Act1, Scene 2, Line 22). Macbeth has always been violent but instead of it being within battle, it is to the people that trust him the most which creates the idea of it being more sinister. 

-Within Scene 3, we actually witness the murder of Banquo. This is an important scene because not only do we see Banquo's reaction, we see Fleance escape which is the first time that we see something go wrong within Macbeth's plan. This means that Macbeth isn't quite as untouchable as he thought that he was. 

-Scene 4 is the feast, which has some very important people invited to. Macbeth see's Banquo's ghost, this is the second time that Macbeth see's an inanimate object. Many of his friends are witnesses to this and so the fact that Macbeth may be crazy is now known to other people. He may not be quite as stable as people first thought and this could lead to people making connections between him and the deaths. 

-The audience meet the head witch, Hecat, in Scene 5. This is quite an important scene because we have always seen the witches to be within power and perhaps even manipulating situations but now we see someone that is above them. Hecat seems to be angry with them because they have acted against her will. When this play is acted out, this scene is not always used but I believe it to be an important one because the witches are almost humanised because they also have an authoritative figure. They manipulate Macbeth which is a human quality, meaning that maybe the witches aren't supernatural at all, it perhaps was a combination of manipulation from the witches and self fulfilling prophecy from Macbeth.

-Lennox speaks of how Macbeth killed the two servants outside of Duncan's room, saying 'was not that nobly done?' (Act 3, Scene 6, Line 14). People are still looking up to Macbeth at this point, thinking that the reason he killed them was because he was so upset that he did it in honour of Duncan when in actual fact, we know that it was to cover his own tracks. People still believe that it was the Kings sons that murdered their father though, so Macbeth is still clear of being called guilty.

Thursday, 10 October 2013

Macbeth- Act 2 Reading Journal

 Act 2, Scene 1
-Scene 1 opens with Banquo and Fleance which is interesting because Macbeth has just decided to murder the King and Banquo is a possible threat because his 'children shall be Kings'. They then meet Macbeth in a dark corridor which is fortunate for Macbeth because his 'face..is a book where men may read strange matters'. There is dramatic Irony when Banquo says to Macbeth 'I dreamt last night of the three Weird Sisters' and Macbeth replies 'I think not of them' which as an audience, we know to be untrue because he has become obsessed by them. This highlights that Macbeth realises that even to his best friend, he has to keep this secret which only further isolates him and allows him to fester in his own thoughts. This could possibly mean that he is planning Banquo's murder and by veiling the truth is makes Banquo unguarded and vulnerable.

-Macbeth is then left by himself and Shakespeare gives him a soliloquy. Within this, he speaks of a dagger that is floating before him- 'Is this a dagger which I see before me'. This is a supernatural event as he is seeing an inanimate object. This is the first time that we possibly start see Macbeth having psychological problems as his mind reacts to murder. This is the scene before he kills the King, as he says 'A dagger of the mind, a false creation' suggesting that he understands it is a hallucination. There is a chance that this is because of the trauma of him knowing what he is about to do. This isn't the first time that he has killed a person so perhaps, the trauma is a result of the person he is about to kill rather than the act itself, to some extent celebrating murder as in one instance it is portrayed as a positive and heroic act while another it can be portrayed as something sick and masochistic. 

Act 2, Scene 2
-Lady Macbeth enters and her speech is full of animal imagery, saying 'the owl that shrieked' which suggests that the act of murder is possibly an animal instinct and this makes them seem quite simple characters as they don't use their knowledge and logic. Animal imagery is a theme used throughout the play.  She also says at the end of her speech while she is alone that 'had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had done't'. She is suggesting that she would have done it, had he not looked like her father. She may being trying to justify to herself that she is not weak and if she wanted, she would be able to do it herself or possibly this is her mind playing tricks as she is carrying out a sin that her father would've instilled to be wrong.

-Macbeth has 'done the deed' meaning that he has killed the King. At this point in the play, we know that there is no turning back. We don't actually see Macbeth kill the King and this could be to keep some sort of detachment from Macbeth and the act so that as an audience, we don't feel repulsed by him. Although he did it, it didn't go quite to plan because he brought the daggers with him, he then refuses to go back into the room and so Lady Macbeth commands him 'give me the daggers'. This may be because she wants to have done something to prove it to herself that she can. Even though she didn't kill him, she was still able to go into the room to plant the evidence that the guards had killed the King. 

Act 2, Scene 3
-The Porter is drunk and portrays a comic character. This brings a comic relief after such a serious scene. When he meets Macduff, he is trying to be crude and shocking when he says that 'urine' is provoked by drink. Macbeth then enters the scene and Macduff asks him whether the King is up yet. Macbeth tells  him no so Macduff goes to wake him. This is an important scene because we see the way that both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth react to the news. In the mean time Lennox suggests that he heard 'strange screams of death'. Macduff enters very shocked and then goes to wake everyone to tell them the news. It is Lady Macbeth the comes out first, this is probably because she hasn't actually been sleeping and has been waiting for Duncan to be discovered. When she is told the news, she acts to be horrified and shocked 'woe'. Macbeth suddenly admits that he 'did kill them' and the attention shifts onto him however Lady Macbeth needs the attention to be away from them so she pretends to swoon. It is also possible that she did this to act as though she is sickened by what has happened meaning that no one will suspect her.

-The King's sons, Malcolm and Donalbain, are left together. They conclude that running away would be the best thing so one goes to England and the other to Ireland. As far as they are aware, it was the guards outside the room that killed the King meaning that they have been given no reason to suspect anyone else. However they believe that 'there's daggers in men's smiles' implying that they can't trust anyone. 

Act 2, Scene 4
-Macbeth killed the guards which seems like it was in vain as now they are not the suspects. Macduff tells Ross that because Malcolm and Donalbain have fled, it 'puts upon them the suspicion of the deed'. So now, it seems that everyone believes that both the sons have killed their father rather than the guards and this means that they will never become King as they have committed murder and treason. Macduff goes on to say that Macbeth 'is already named and gone to Scone to be invested'. This means that Macbeth will soon become King and the three witches prophecy will come true however it is interesting that no one suspects Macbeth. This could be a natural ending for the play because both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have got what they wanted however further turmoil is needed in order for there to be punishment, ultimately Shakespeare is reinforcing society's values. 

-There also seems to be freak events happening as the horses 'ate each other' which could be a result of the witches. It could also be a reference to Macbeth as he is harming his own race, just like the horses that 'turned wild in nature' much like Macbeth.

Monday, 30 September 2013

Macbeth- Act 1 Reading Journal

Act 1, Scene 1
- Macbeth opens with the stage direction- 'thunder and lightening. Enter three witches.' Shakespeare uses this as a shocking opening because it is possible that the witches are able to control the weather. The book therefore opens with a supernatural element and creates it to be Gothic from the outset. The three witches then enter and are plotting to 'meet with Macbeth'. This is the first time Macbeth is mentioned which means that he is either already involved with witches or possibly going to be. The witches also speak in call and response with full and half rhymes which suggests that they are casting a spell. Therefore it is never made clear whether it is then Macbeth's choice or he was under some kind of influence.

Act 1, Scene 2
-Within the next scene, we are told that the Thane of Cawdor has been a traitor. However, Macbeth is to some extent the polar opposite as he is called 'brave Macbeth' while the Thane of Cawdor is called 'Merciless Macdonwald'.  Yet, it seems that while the King and others believe his actions to be heroic, to a man he 'unseamed him from the nave to the chops' which is an unnecessary way to kill a man, suggesting that he gets some kind of enjoyment out of the murder, perhaps foreshadowing the later murders. Shakespeare uses this imagery to shock the audience and therefore make a judgment about Macbeth before he has even been introduced.  

Act 1, Scene 3
-The witches again speak using full and half rhyme which suggests that they either always speak like this or that they are casting another spell. A drum then sounds which is a way of introducing Macbeth. Again, this seems to be quite supernatural as they don't seem to know where the drum is actually coming from, however this is a signal to them as they say 'Macbeth doth come.' We are already aware from Act 1, Scene 1 that they are planning to meet with Macbeth, so therefore it feels like a kind of summoning. They tell him that he will be Thane of Cawdor and then finally, King. However his reaction seems odd as the most likely reaction is that he would find this comical as they are extreme prophecies, however Banquo asks him 'why do you start, and seem to fear things that do sound so fair?'As an audience, we already know that he has been given this title by the King so this is dramatic irony but also makes us question whether they are telling the truth. This introduces the theme of power as it later becomes clear that their prophecies and therefore ultimately the witches have control over Macbeth. They have clearly intrigued him as he seems curious to know more- 'tell me more'. It is possible to already see his ambition as for him to become King, something terrible must happen to the existing one. However, it is never told whether this is real magic or if they simply found out that he had already been appointed and therefore set things in motion. It is possible that it is a self- fulfilling prophecy as he chooses to believe and then take action upon strangers words. 

- Macbeth then aside speaks of things such as murder. While the witches prophesied Macbeth to become King, he assumes that this means he has to murder the King without taking into consideration the possibility of a freak accident or illness occurring that will lead to him becoming King. He says that the 'murder yet is but fantastical' which suggests that he is possibly already plotting the Kings murder. The element of obsession begins to become apparent as he thinks more and more about the possibility of power. 

Act 1, Scene 4
-Macbeth speaks to himself of his 'black and deep desires', alerting the audience to what he really wants and because we have already heard about his violent nature in Act 1, Scene 2 it is possible that he would murder the King. This shows the audience that there is another side to Macbeth other than his public side of being 'brave Macbeth'.

Act 1, Scene 5
- Macbeth sends a letter to his wife telling her all about the witches and the prophecy that they have made. Rather than reacting the way we expect her to, which is to become horrified at what he has said, she seems to be making plans of what she can do about this-'the fatal entrance of Duncan'. Shakespeare uses shocking imagery such as 'unsex me here' and 'fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty'. This is particularly shocking because she is a woman that should possess feminine qualities rather than the traditional masculine qualities of ambition and cruelty. However, her language doesn't rhyme that suggests this isn't magic and therefore perhaps she will be more affected by the murder than she wishes to. When Macbeth enters, she says that the King 'never shall sun that morrow see!'- meaning that she plans to kill him that night, this is very immediate and impulsive suggesting that she hasn't really thought about it or the repercussions. She takes a clear leadership role as she uses imperatives- 'leave all the rest to me', it is possible Macbeth is to some extent pushed into murdering the King.

Act 1, Scene 6  
-The King says that the 'castle hath a pleasant seat', Lady Macbeth is trying to conceal their plan as he feel relaxed and comfortable in their company which means that he won't suspect their plan. The King says 'we love him highly', showing that Macbeth has the Kings trust and therefore abuses it. 

Act 1, Scene 7
-When the time comes for them to kill the King, Macbeth somehow realises the seriousness of what they are going to do and understands the consequences. This shows a redeeming characteristic as he he says 'we will proceed no further in this business.' It's at this point you see how power hungry Macbeths wife is as she calls him things such as 'coward' as a persuasion and to some extent manipulative technique that pushes him into agreeing with her. By attacking his manhood, it makes him feel less than he should be and ashamed as he is a brave soldier who holds characteristics of ruthlessness and bravery and so by killing the King he can live up to this impossible role. However, it doesn't take much persuasion for him to agree with her as he says 'I am settled' and they carry on with their plan to kill the King. 

Gothic Elements 
- Symbols of dark and light
- Settings are significant - usually set within a castle
- Fear is created through the vocabulary of the gothic. This also creates mystery, anger and darkness
- The influence of the past or possibly the future with things such as prophecies or visions
- The difference between male and female roles- the female character usually in distress and being threatened by a powerful male character
- The blurring of reality and fantasy- the use of supernatural events such as ghosts and inanimate objects coming to life
- The use of dreams
- Psychological traits of the main characters- this can be brought on from high emotions 

Sunday, 15 September 2013

Marxist Analysis of Tess of the D'urbervilles

Tess Durbyfield is representative of the Working Class who throughout the novel is exploited by Middle Class men. She is first exploited by Alec D'urberville when she goes to him for money help because she thinks that he is a relation of hers. He gains her trust and then rapes her. This shows that he believes he can get anything/anyone he wants because he has a lot of money. He has never had to work and so expects everything to be given to him.
She then meets Angel Clare who she goes on to marry. The night that they marry, she tells him about the rape and he decides that he doesn't want anything more to do with her. Although, up until this point he seems to be very liberal, he seems very quick to abide by the social norms and this is what ultimately leads to Tess' death.
Throughout the period after Angel leaves her, Tess has to become a labourer on a farm to get enough money. In this part of her life, it is very clear that Tess' boss is exploiting her by giving her a very poor quality of living. This is the bourgeois repressing  the proletariat.
During this period, Tess meets Alec again and he seems to have become this fraudulent Christian. It doesn't take much for this to be shattered and he becomes the original Alec D'urberville. He pursues Tess who explains that she's already married and wants him to leave her alone. He is very manipulative and so goes behind her back and offers her family money if Tess marries him. This means that she is forced into marriage with him over money, her family basically sells Tess to Alec. This repression from Alec pushes her to kill him when Angel comes back for her.